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What is eye cancer?

Eye cancer is a cancer that starts in the eye. It happens when cells in your eye begin to grow out of control. Over time, these cells can form a lump called a tumor. (To learn about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?)

Eye cancer can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body and grow there, too. Even if eye cancer spreads to another part of your body, like the liver, it’s still called eye cancer because it started in the eye.

The eye
Ask your doctor to use this picture to show you where the cancer is.

Are there different kinds of eye cancer?

There are different kinds of eye cancers, but the most common type is eye melanoma. (Melanoma is much more common in the skin than in the eye.)

Melanoma usually starts in the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea. This is called uveal melanoma. Melanoma can also start in other places in the eye, like the conjunctiva, which is a thin clear covering over the white part of the eye. This is called conjunctival melanoma.

Your doctor can tell you more about the kind of eye cancer you have.

Questions to ask the doctor

• Why do you think I have eye cancer?
• Is there a chance I don’t have eye cancer?
• Would you please write down the kind of eye cancer you think I might have?
• What part of my eye is the cancer in?
• What will happen next?

How does the doctor know I have eye cancer?

Some signs and symptoms of eye cancer are:

• Vision changes (things look blurry or you suddenly can’t see)
• Floaters (seeing spots or squiggles)
• Flashes of light
• A growing dark spot on the iris or the white part of the eye
• Change in the size or shape of the pupil
• Eye redness or swelling

The doctor will ask you questions about your health and do an eye exam. You may be sent to an eye doctor called an ophthalmologist for a more detailed eye exam.

Tests that may be done

If signs and symptoms are pointing to eye cancer, tests will be done. Here are some of the tests you may need:

Ultrasound: For this test, a small wand is put against the eyelid or eyeball. It gives off sound waves and picks up the echoes as they bounce off tissues. The echoes form a picture on a computer screen.

Angiography: For this test, dye is put into your blood through a vein in the arm. Pictures of the back of the eye are then taken using a special light that makes the dye glow. This lets the doctor see the blood vessels inside the eye.

CT or CAT scan: This test uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It can be used to see if the cancer has spread.

Chest x-rays: X-rays may be done to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs.

MRI scan: This test uses radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays to make detailed pictures. This test is very good for looking at eye tumors and may be used to see if the cancer has spread.

Biopsy: In a biopsy, the doctor takes out a small piece of tissue to check for cancer cells. A biopsy is often not needed for eye melanoma because the doctor can tell it’s melanoma from the eye exam and imaging tests.

Questions to ask the doctor

• What tests will I need?
• Who will do these tests?
• Where will they be done?
• How and when will I get the results?
• Who will explain the results to me?
• What do I need to do next?

How serious is my cancer?

If you have eye cancer, the doctor will want to find out how far it has spread. This is called staging. Your doctor will want to find out the stage of your cancer to help decide what type of treatment is best for you.

The stage is based on how far the cancer has grown or spread through the eye. It also tells if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body.

Eye melanoma can be stage 1, 2, 3, or 4. The lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, like stage 4, means the cancer is more serious and has spread outside the eye.

Sometimes doctors use a different way to stage eye melanoma. Instead of numbers, the cancer is called small, medium, or large depending on the size of the tumor.

Ask the doctor about the stage of your cancer and what it means for you.

Questions to ask the doctor

• Do you know the stage of the cancer?
• If not, how and when will you find out the stage?
• Would you explain to me what the stage means in my case?
• Based on the stage of the cancer, what are my treatment options?
• What will happen next?

What kind of treatment will I need?

Treatment for eye cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer.

Radiation therapy is the main treatment for most people, but other treatments might be needed, too.

If a very small melanoma is suspected, treatment may not be needed. The doctor may closely watch the tumor and start treatment only if it starts to grow.

The treatment plan that’s best for you will depend on:

• The stage of the cancer
• Where the cancer is in your eye
• The chance that a type of treatment will cure the cancer or help in some way
• Your age and overall health
• Your feelings about the treatment and how it might change the way you see

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays (like x-rays or protons) to kill cancer cells. It’s a common treatment for eye cancer. There are different ways to give radiation treatments.

• Radiation is often given by putting tiny seeds of radiation on the eyeball near the tumor. This is called brachytherapy or plaque therapy.
• Radiation can also be aimed at the eye from a machine outside the body. This is called external beam radiation. Types of external radiation include proton beam therapy and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT).

Side effects of radiation treatments

If your doctor suggests radiation treatment, ask about what side effects might happen. The most common side effect of radiation is eye damage. The damage may change the way you see through that eye.

Most side effects get better after treatment ends. Some might last longer. Others may happen right away. Talk to your cancer care team about what you can expect during and after treatment. There may be ways to ease side effects.

Surgery

Surgery may be used to treat some eye melanomas.

There are many kinds of surgery. The type used depends on where the cancer is and how big it is. Some types of surgery can change the way you see. Some may take out the eyeball and nearby tissues.

Ask your doctor what type of surgery you will need. Every type has pros and cons. Find out if there will be changes in how you see through that eye or how the eye looks.

Side effects of surgery

Any type of surgery can have risks and side effects. Be sure to ask the doctor what you can expect. If you have problems, let your doctors know. Doctors who treat people with eye cancer should be able to help you with any problems that come up.

Laser treatments

Lasers can be used to heat and kill cancer cells. This treatment can be used to treat some eye melanomas. Sometimes laser treatments are used along with radiation therapy for eye melanoma.

Side effects of laser treatments

Laser treatments can damage the eye and change the way you see through that eye. Talk to your cancer care team about what you can expect during and after treatment.

Targeted and immune therapy drugs

These drugs affect mainly cancer cells and not normal cells in the body. They may work even if other treatment doesn’t.

• Targeted drugs work mostly on the changes in cells that make them cancer.
• Immune therapy drugs help the body’s immune system fight the cancer.

Side effects of targeted and immune therapy drugs

Side effects depend on which drug is used. For example, some of these drugs may cause diarrhea, fever, rashes, and headaches. Most side effects go away after treatment ends.

There are ways to treat most of the side effects caused by targeted and immune therapy drugs. If you have side effects, talk to your cancer care team so they can help.

Chemo

Chemo is short for chemotherapy, the use of drugs to treat cancer. The drugs are often given through a needle into a vein or as a pill you take by mouth. They go into the blood and spread through the body.

Chemo can also be put right into the liver if the cancer has spread there.

Chemo is often given in cycles or rounds. Each round of treatment is followed by a break. Treatment may last for many months.

Side effects of chemo

Chemo can make you feel very tired, sick to your stomach, and cause your hair to fall out. But these problems tend to go away after treatment ends.

There are ways to treat most chemo side effects. If you have side effects, talk to your cancer care team so they can help.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are research studies that test new drugs or other treatments in people. They compare standard treatments with others that may be better.

Clinical trials are one way to get the newest cancer treatment. They are the best way for doctors to find better ways to treat cancer. If your doctor can find one that’s studying the kind of cancer you have, it’s up to you whether to take part. And if you do sign up for a clinical trial, you can always stop at any time.

If you would like to learn more about clinical trials that might be right for you, start by asking your doctor if your clinic or hospital conducts clinical trials. See Clinical Trials to learn more.

What about other treatments that I hear about?

When you have cancer, you might hear about other ways to treat the cancer or treat your symptoms. These may not always be standard medical treatments. These treatments may be vitamins, herbs, diets, and other things.

Some of these are known to help, but many have not been tested. Some have been shown not to help. A few have even been found to be harmful. Talk to your doctor about anything you’re thinking about using, whether it’s a vitamin, a diet, or anything else.

Questions to ask the doctor

• What treatment do you think is best for me?
• What’s the goal of this treatment? Do you think it could cure the cancer?
• Will treatment include surgery? If so, who will do the surgery?
• What will the surgery be like?
• Will I need other types of treatment, too?
• What will these treatments be like?
• Will treatment change the way I see through my eye or the way my eye looks?
• What other side effects could I have from these treatments?
• What can I do about side effects?
• Is there a clinical trial that might be right for me?
• What about vitamins or diets that friends tell me about? How will I know if they are safe?
• How soon do I need to start treatment?
• What should I do to be ready for treatment?
• Is there anything I can do to help the treatment work better?
• What’s the next step?

What will happen after treatment?

You’ll be glad when treatment is over. But it can be hard not to worry about cancer coming back. Even when cancer never comes back, people still worry about it. For years after treatment ends, you will see your cancer doctor. At first, your visits may be every few months. Then, the longer you’re cancer-free, the less often the visits are needed.

Be sure to go to all follow-up visits. Your doctors will ask about symptoms you may be having, do physical exams, and may do tests to see if the cancer has come back. The doctor may also check how well you can see.

Having cancer and dealing with treatment can be hard, but it can also be a time to look at your life in new ways. You might be thinking about how to improve your health. Call us at 1-800-227-2345 or talk to your doctor to find out what you can do to feel better.

You can’t change the fact that you have cancer. What you can change is how you live the rest of your life – making healthy choices and feeling as good as you can.